What is an Anti-hero? Simple Guide, Complicated Character

Heroism is complicated, and no one embodies that truth more completely than an anti-hero.

The tension between the greater good and the individual good, between duty and desire, between moral decisions and moral motivation… an anti-hero provides an unblinking examination of all of it.

This is the character we can't help cheering for, even if we'd never choose them as a role model for our kids. They challenge us to wade through the moral gray areas and question commonly held assumptions about right and wrong. And they practically defined the contemporary Golden Age of Television.

They're also incredibly complex characters, which means if you want to write one, you'd better be ready for a challenge. A fun challenge, but still.

You're about to get the rundown on all things anti-hero: how to define them, how to write them, and how they contribute to storytelling as a whole. My hope is that by the time we're done here, you'll be ready to create a little literary havoc of your own.

Let's start with the obvious question:

What is an Anti-Hero?

If you find yourself rooting for a protagonist and wondering what it says about you as a person, that main character is probably an anti-hero.

Like a traditional hero, an anti-hero drives the narrative as they pursue a goal and face obstacles that challenge them to confront their own weaknesses. They usually change as a result of their journey and they might save the day or succumb to a tragic fate.

What makes anti-heroes unique, however, is the total absence of a heroic spirit.

These characters commit morally questionable deeds and are typically motivated by self-interest rather than the good of others. While a traditional hero has a few understandable flaws and occasionally slips up as they grow into a better person, an anti-hero is riddled with vices and doggedly clings to their own self-serving perspective.

Anti-Heroic Qualities

An anti-hero may exhibit some or all of these traits:

Selfishness - Whether they do the right thing or the wrong thing, anti-heroes are motivated by their own self-interest. If a crisis doesn't directly affect them or the, like, one person they actually care about, they're not getting involved. 

Self-destructive behavior - Anti-heroes don't try to exorcise their personal demons through therapy or meditation. Instead, they give those demons the run of the place. They lean into whatever fear or anger stems from past trauma, even if it means getting in trouble with the law or dealing with social isolation.

Anti-social behavior - Your typical anti-hero is pretty much over people, with the occasional one or two exceptions. In many cases, they've been rejected by society, whether they suffered abandonment as a child or have been treated as an outcast by a world that doesn't understand them. Now they see human beings as corrupt, cruel, ignorant, or insufferable.

Unconventional philosophies - This character sees the world differently and often lives by their own moral code—a code society would never get on board with. They've developed a system of logic (usually through trauma) that justifies immoral behavior or condemns social norms. The typical anti-hero is not a law-abiding citizen, and they see themselves as wiser than the lemmings who are.

A painfully human personality - While an anti-hero might conceal their weaknesses from others, they're written in such a way that the audience can see that this person knows pain. 

Maybe they're terrified of abandonment, desperate to prove their worth, or tired of feeling powerless. Whatever their vulnerabilities are, they're just relatable enough to keep the reader reluctantly on the anti-hero's side… or at least empathetic to the motivations behind their terrible decisions.

If you're thinking this is all going to get very complicated very fast, you're right. This is why you want to start collecting all your ideas for your anti-hero in their Dabble Character Profile right away. Create a column for their arc in the Plot Grid while you're at it. That way you can track their complex inner journey and horrible choices all in one place. It'll make the planning and writing process so much easier.

(If you're not a Dabble user yet, you can check out these features for 14 days with a free trial.)

So is This Person a Hero or Not?

Yes. No. Both.

Some anti-heroes are only heroes in the sense that they're the character at the center of the story—the character readers are invested in. But their actions aren't exactly heroic. As the story progresses, they make more destructive choices and hurt everyone around them.

Others are heroes who manage to save the day despite themselves. They might do the right things, but they do them for the wrong reasons, like greed, vengeance, or self-preservation. If their actions benefit anyone else, it's purely incidental.

Some anti-heroes grow to become better people over the course of the narrative, while others remain misanthropic and self-interested.

Thanks to this complexity, you can use these characters to explore themes like morality, truth, justice, and the absurdity of societal structures.

Do the ends justify the means? Is our acceptance in society an accurate gauge of our virtue? What is truth, and what are the consequences of knowing the truth?

Anti-Hero Versus…

As you may have realized by now, the term anti-hero can be kind of confusing. Google it and you’ll quickly discover that anti-heroes share traits with a handful of other character types. It can be hard to determine where the line is.

So let’s get a little clarity right now. Here are three types of characters that can easily get tangled up with anti-heroes: 

Tragic Hero

A tragic hero is still a traditional hero. They're (relatively) noble and intend to do good things for others. In the end, they die or gouge their own eyes out or bring a plague upon their city or whatever, but it's not because they're the worst. They were either predestined for disaster (hello, cosmic irony!) or made a fatal error due to their own tragic flaw.

That's flaw, singular. The flaw might be something obnoxious, like hubris, but it doesn't reflect an entire pattern of self-serving behavior.

An anti-hero might meet a similarly devastating end, but not because the gods are punishing them for a single imperfection. They've been actively self-destructive for a long time.

Villain Protagonist

Much like the typical anti-hero, the villain protagonist is the character at the center of the story. They, too, are awful and destructive.

The difference is that anti-heroes are written in a way where readers find themselves kind of identifying with them. The anti-hero's insecurity, self-protective impulse, or traumatic backstory makes them relatable, and the audience still wants to see them redeem themselves.

But a villain protagonist? They're wicked in a way that doesn't resonate. Everybody just wants to see them pay. Patrick Bateman in American Psycho is a great example of a villain protagonist.

Anti-Villain

An anti-villain is a villain who does undeniably evil things but their motive is actually pretty admirable.

Erik Killmonger (Black Panther) is in this sympathetic villain category. He's fighting colonization and oppression, which is pretty much the most righteous battle there is. He's just a little too murdery about it. 

Now, this is where the dividing lines get fuzzy. The logic goes that if an anti-villain has a moral motive for doing immoral things, then an anti-hero must be the opposite: they do moral things but their motives are less than pure.

That's often true. But pretty much anyone will tell you that Walter White (Breaking Bad) and Dexter Morgan (Dexter) are anti-heroes, and they're firmly in the “good motive, bad actions” category… at least initially.

The reason they're not anti-villains is because it's still their story and the audience is invested in what happens to them. As uncomfortable as it may be, an anti-hero is a character you can't help but care about.

Genres That Love an Anti-Hero

Some genres are more likely than others to feature anti-heroes.

Grimdark and dark fantasy are big anti-hero genres. These stories are set in cruel and violent worlds where it's every person for themselves. Protagonists often have harrowing backstories that make their focus on personal gain and tendency to kill understandable.

Crime is another genre where anti-heroes thrive, often in the form of gritty detectives driven by their personal demons. Psychological thrillers might go so far as to put you in the mind of an uncomfortably sympathetic serial killer.

There's also room to experiment with these protagonists in science fiction, horror, and literary fiction.

Other genres are much less welcoming to main characters who exhibit such deplorable traits. Romantic comedy, for example, favors a protagonist who's flawed but ultimately good-hearted. That said, it's not uncommon to see a love interest with anti-heroic qualities in romance subgenres like romantasy and contemporary romance.

All this to say, there's a lot of room in the literary world for self-serving main characters. Just make sure you understand the expectations of your genre before you write your own anti-hero.

The Anti-Hero's Journey

You might be familiar with the famous Hero's Journey, the archetypal story structure in which a traditional hero leaves their normal world to complete a difficult mission that ultimately causes them to transform for the better.

But what does the journey look like for an anti-hero? How do they transform? Do they transform?

They often do, yes, though there are also anti-heroes with flat character arcs. You see this a lot in detective novels. A misanthropic, self-destructive detective solves the crime and delivers justice, all while stubbornly remaining misanthropic and self-destructive.

Then there are the anti-heroes who evolve in response to the central conflict. Some change for the better (we call this a positive character arc) while others become decidedly worse (negative character arc). 

Let's take a look at how each of those journeys tend to play out.

Positive Arc

In a positive arc, the anti-hero initially accepts the Call to Adventure for purely selfish reasons. That is to say, they get involved in the main conflict only because of what's at stake for them. Other characters might stand to benefit from the anti-hero's involvement, but the self-serving protagonist couldn't care less.

However, as the story progresses, the main character develops more empathy for others. By the time the climax rolls around, they're surprising themselves by doing wildly inconvenient or even dangerous things for the sake of someone else.

You see this in the quintessential anti-hero, Shrek. At the beginning of the movie, our dear ogre friend is only motivated by his desire for solitude. By the end of the story, he's driven by the need for companionship and connection.

Not every anti-hero has such a straightforward positive arc, however. In The Last of Us, Joel initially only cares about his own survival in the fungi-fueled zombie apocalypse. Then, as his relationship with Ellie develops, he begins to do everything for her sake. 

But when he's faced with the ultimate moral dilemma (no spoilers here), it becomes clear that while he's definitely grown, there are still limits to what he's willing to sacrifice for the good of humanity.  

Negative Arc

In a negative arc, the anti-hero often starts from a place where their morally questionable actions are at least understandable. Readers might not condone what the protagonist does, but they can empathize with their reason for doing it.

As the story progresses, however, those initial bad choices—or the resulting consequences—draw the character deeper into darkness. By the end, they've blown up their lives and hurt just about everyone around them.

That's the big-picture explanation of a negative arc. There are several different ways this type of character journey could play out, though, so if you're interested, I recommend checking out this article where we explore the topic in greater depth. (DabbleU Academy members can really dig in by watching our workshops on character arcs. We’ve got ‘em for both positive and negative arcs!)

The Role of Anti-Heroes

Now is when we ask—as we often do in DabbleU articles—what the point of all this is. Why write anti-hero protagonists? Why not let the main character shine as an admirable hero and leave the moral ambiguity to an anti-villain?

You can totally do that! It all depends on how you want to deliver your themes and the kind of emotional response you want from your readers. To help you think it through, here are some examples of how going the anti-hero route could enhance a story:

Reflect Human Complexity

An anti-hero is an inherently complex character. They capture the full, messy reality of trying to get through life as a terrified and deeply flawed human being.

Not to mention, because anti-hero characters reflect a relatable instinct for self-preservation at all costs, it's all the more impactful when they also demonstrate a capacity for compassion and sacrifice.

We can empathize with an anti-hero because we see the best and worst of ourselves in them. They disappoint and even devastate us for the exact same reason. 

Challenge Norms

This type of character is great at flipping the socially agreed upon moral code on its head. While their words or actions might seem morally ambiguous at best, past traumas make the anti-hero's self-serving nature feel at least logical.

You'll get more tips on how to make this work in a bit. 

Present an Alternative Point of View

You know those fairytale retellings where the character who's traditionally been known as the villain steps into the role of protagonist? Instant anti-hero situation. 

The audience gets a chance to hear the narrative from the baddie's point of view, and—as is so often the case in real life—they see that the villain was just a regular person trying to get through this weird and challenging life. Sure, they do unsavory things. But now we see all their layers.

This idea doesn't just have to apply to retellings of familiar stories. A lot of anti-heroes are mobsters, drug dealers, and corrupt politicians. They fall into categories we associate with unexamined immorality, and their story challenges our assumptions.

Anti-Hero Examples

As always, seeing these ideas in action is the best way to get better at recognizing an anti-hero and learn how to write one yourself. 

Here are a few anti-hero examples worth studying:

Walter White, Breaking Bad

Walter White might be the most famous anti-hero in modern storytelling. While (probably) most of us can say we would not turn to cooking meth as a way to provide for our families, we likely can identify with the feeling of powerlessness and the fear of leaving nothing of value behind when we die.

We can even understand Walt's agonizing moral dilemmas when his little side hustle creates more trouble than anticipated. Those moral dilemmas escalate, however, and ultimately each viewer has to decide for themselves when Walt crosses the line from anti-hero to villain protagonist.

If you want to study an anti-hero with a negative arc, this is a great option.

Wednesday Addams, Wednesday

This, on the other hand, would be a good example of an anti-heroine with a positive arc.

Wednesday is an antisocial child who doesn't have much use for other people. She antagonizes her family members but is also their fiercest protector, though that's pretty much where her interest in other people ends. 

However, when she gets drawn into a mystery at her boarding school, she's unable to avoid regular, frequent contact with her classmates. She gradually softens the tiniest little bit and even learns how to create chaos as a team. Sort of.   

Jay Gatsby, The Great Gatsby

Plenty of traditional heroes would go to the ends of the earth for true love. But Jay Gatsby makes it weird, what with all the lying and single-minded obsession.

He has some relatable traits. He wants a good life for himself and his friends, his relentless optimism is almost endearing, and who among us can't identify with the desire to be the cool kid in the neighborhood? 

But the ability to set ego, image, and self-interest aside for a greater moral purpose is the mark of a true hero. And Jay Gatsby is anti-that.

More Anti-Hero Examples

• Scarlett O'Hara, Gone With the Wind
• Travis Bickle, Taxi Driver
• Deadpool, Deadpool
• Lee Israel, Can You Ever Forgive Me?
• Tony Soprano, The Sopranos

Tips for Writing an Anti-Hero

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Now that you've got a head full of anti-hero knowledge, it's time to sit down at the keyboard and start clickin' and clackin' away on your own complicated character.

Real quick though, here are some final tips to help you really nail that morally ambiguous protagonist:

Remember That This is Your Main Character

Your anti-hero is your protagonist, so give them the protagonist treatment. Make sure they're well-developed, with clear strengths and weaknesses, as well as a layered personality.

They should also have a goal to pursue—this is going to help you build your central conflict—and a need. If you're not familiar with the difference between these two things, the goal is what your character wants, while the need is the thing that would benefit them most. The need is usually an unpleasant experience that forces a positive-arc character to grow. Some anti-heroes embrace the need by the time it comes around; others dodge it and slip deeper into darkness.

Pro Tip: DabbleU Academy members have access to a great course that will help you develop unforgettable characters—heroic, anti-heroic, and otherwise. You can find it here if you're a member, and if you're not a member, why not?

Give Your Reader a Reason to Care

It's true: this character is supposed to be deeply flawed and a bit of an ethical trainwreck. But they still have to be someone your reader wants to follow for 80,000 words or so. 

Plus, what makes a good anti-hero so compelling is that we find ourselves pulling for them even when it goes against everything we supposedly believe in.

So give your reader a reason to invest emotionally in this character. A few highly effective ways to do this include:

• Giving your anti-hero a relatable desire and compelling motivation
• Revealing the fears and vulnerabilities behind their less-than-stellar choices
• Making it crystal clear how much is at stake for them
• Showing the reader that, in certain moments, this person does have the capacity to be selfless or empathetic
• Demonstrate that there is one line this otherwise morally ambiguous character will not cross

This next tip will help, too.

Explain the Broken Moral Compass

Anti-hero characters tend to cling to flawed philosophies that are rooted in their traumatic backstory. K.M. Weiland calls this “The Lie Your Character Believes,” and you can learn how to come up with a great Lie for your anti-hero in this article.

For now, the short version is that you want to give your audience enough information to understand that your hot mess of a protagonist isn't awful just to be awful. They've been through something that taught them that their survival depends on single-minded self-preservation.

Make Space for Internal Conflict

Internal conflict refers to the battle your character fights within themselves. It's a key element of any good story because it heightens the emotional stakes and enhances the external conflict. It's also a great way to demonstrate a character's complexity.

Let your reader see the anti-hero struggle before making the choice that crosses a moral line and sets them on a negative trajectory. Or make a positive arc more believable by allowing them to hesitate before they grudgingly do the right thing.

Get Inside Your Anti-Hero's Head

You've probably figured out by now that anti-hero characters exist on a wide spectrum. They can range from quite flawed to utterly despicable. They can self-destruct or blossom into full-blown heroes. 

And no matter who they are or how their arc plays out, they contain multitudes. Strengths, weaknesses, traumatic pasts, ambitions, passions, resentments… these characters demand deep development.

Dabble can help. Not only can you find loads of free articles on character in DabbleU, you can also use Dabble Writer to craft an unforgettable anti-hero.

Use the Plot Grid to track their arc. Outline every aspect of their being in a customizable character profile. Disappear inside their world with them as you type your draft in Focus Mode.

If you're not a Dabbler, don't worry. You can get access to every one of Dabble's features for free for 14 days—plenty of time to determine if this tool is for you. Click here to get started, no credit card required.